By Wendi McKenna, DPT, PCS, C/NDT
Today, many more babies have flat spots on their heads than 20 years ago. In fact, it is now common to see babies out in public wearing orthotic helmets and to hear stories about their courses of physical therapy. Diagnosis of positional plagiocephaly and often-concurrent torticollis, two mostly preventable conditions, is on the rise. What can we as parents, caregivers, and medical practitioners do to reduce the risk of these diagnoses?
Positional plagiocephaly is a deformation of the skull bones in an oblique shape due to prolonged pressure on one part of the skull. Infants’ skull bones are not yet sutured together. Skull shape is dependent upon the forces placed upon the bones, internally from brain growth and externally from surfaces and gravity. Plagiocephaly is categorized as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the measured difference between the skull’s left and right diagonals. In addition to a flattening on one side, other presentations include a shift in ear position, differences in eye position and size, and nose or chin pointing slightly to one side. Positional plagiocephaly has increased substantially since 1992, coinciding with the American Academy of Pediatrics’ recommendation that babies be placed on their backs to sleep to reduce the risk SIDS. In the 1980’s, before “Back to Sleep,” studies showed that 1 in 300 infants were diagnosed with plagiocephaly; current numbers are as high as 1 in 15. Despite this unintended consequence of flat heads from
“Back to Sleep,” it is important for babies to sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of SIDS.
Torticollis, a unilateral shortening of the sternocleidomastiod (SCM) muscle, presents as a head tilt to one side (ear to shoulder) and a turn to the opposite side (chin toward opposite shoulder). Parents often notice that baby has a preference for turning and holding her head either left or right. Plagiocephaly and torticollis are often concurrent diagnoses because young infants have poor head control as they learn how to move against gravity. If a baby has a flat spot on one side, she will more likely hold her head with that spot against the ground, crib mattress, car seat, or infant carrier. As that flat spot rests against the surface, it becomes larger and broader over time, which also affects the length of the muscles attached to that bone. As time goes by, it is a vicious cycle that causes each diagnosis to become more severe.
These diagnoses may be present at birth, but can often be remedied without the need for physical or orthotic therapies. It merely requires careful observation and tracking over time as well as consistent implementation of a few simple interventions.
What to look for:
* Does your baby look and/or allow you to position her head in both directions equally? Does she spend equal time gazing left and right? Does she have symmetrical range of motion? A baby’s chin should easily reach her shoulder without restriction.
* Does your baby have a side bend in her neck and body rather than symmetry from right to left? This is best observed when you are at baby’s feet, looking up toward her head.
* Looking at your baby’s head from top down, draw an imaginary line from her nose to back of her skull. Are the sides equal in shape? Are the ears lined up across from one another? Does the back of baby’s head look abnormally flat with protrusion just behind the ears on one or both sides? A baby’s head should be longer from front to back than it is wider from side to side.
* Feel around your baby’s head. Does it feel equally round with smooth curves on both sides, or are there noticeable flat spots?
What to do:
* Discuss concerns with your pediatrician and gain as much information as you can from knowledgeable medical professionals.
* Maximize baby’s awake tummy time to keep pressure off of flat spots and to allow the ground and gravity to stretch out any tight muscles. Young infants cannot sustain a head lift when on their tummies and are perfectly happy to rest head on floor.
* Minimize baby’s container time, such as in car seats, infant seats, strollers, and swings, where your baby’s head is resting against a surface. When you need to have baby in a container, position and support her head so the flat spot is not resting on a surface.
* Position your baby with head and body in midline or to non-preferred or non-flat side whenever possible. Motivating visual stimuli and swaddling can be used to assist in this effort.
- Awake: Many young infants love looking at lights. Consider placing baby on changing table and other play surfaces so she is motivated to look towards the lights or other interesting stimuli on her non-preferred side. When playing with your baby, position your face and body to the non-preferred side 75% of the time. You still want her to spend time looking toward the preferred side!
- Asleep: Swaddle baby with body symmetrical, hands up toward face rather than pinned down to the side or in front of body. You can position one hand higher so she turns her head for hand to mouth contact on non-preferred side. You may need professional support or guidance for this strategy.
* Monitor (at least weekly) flat spot and neck range of motion and note if they are getting better or worse. Consider taking photos of head shape (especially looking down at top of head) to track over time. Share your concerns and/or findings with your pediatrician.
The earlier asymmetries are observed and addressed conservatively, the faster and more complete the resolution. Awake tummy time, when started early and practiced often, is the most effective strategy to prevent and/or minimize both conditions. More pronounced asymmetries that persist for several weeks should be evaluated further for possible physical therapy or orthotic/helmet intervention.
Wendi McKenna is a Doctor of Physical Therapy with Pediatric Board Certification and more than 12 years of experience in pediatrics. She is founder of Strides Physical Therapy, which has practice locations in Carlsbad and Solana Beach, and has recently launched a baby and child wellness program called Move Play Grow. Move Play Grow offers classes and wellness consultations to families, caregivers and professionals to share knowledge of infant and child development and practical strategies to ensure the best start for your baby. Please refer to www.MovePlayGrow.com for more information.